Atharvaveda The Atharva Veda ( Sanskrit : अथर्ववेदः, Atharvavedaḥ from atharvāṇas and veda , meaning "knowledge") is the "knowledge storehouse of atharvāṇas , the procedures for everyday life". The text is the fourth Veda , but has been a late addition to the Vedic scriptures of Hinduism . Atharvaveda Four Vedas Information Religion Hinduism Language Vedic Sanskrit Period c. 1000–900 BCE Chapters 20 kāṇḍas Verses 5,977 mantras The Atharvaveda is composed in Vedic Sanskrit, and it is a collection of 730 hymns with about 6,000 mantras, divided into 20 books. About a sixth of the Atharvaveda texts adapts verses from the Rigveda , and except for Books 15 and 16, the text is in poem form deploying a diversity of Vedic matters. Two different recensions of the text – the Paippalāda and the Śaunakīya – have survived into modern times. Reliable ma...
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MAHARANA PRATAP
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Maharana Pratap
16th century ruler of Mewar, India
Pratap Singh I (9 May 1540 – 19 January 1597), popularly known asMaharana Pratap, was the 13th king ofMewar, a region in north-western India in the present-day state ofRajasthan. He was titled as "Mewari Rana" and was notable for his military resistance against the expansionism of theMughal Empire.
Maharana Pratap was born in a Hindu Rajput family. He was born to Udai Singh II and Jaiwanta Bai. His younger brothers were Shakti Singh, Vikram Singh and Jagmal Singh. Pratap also had 2 stepsisters: Chand Kanwar and Man Kanwar. He was married to Ajabde Punwar of Bijolia and he had married 10 other women and was survived by 17 children including Amar Singh I. He belonged to the Royal Family of Mewar. After the death of Udai Singh in 1572, Rani Dheer Bai wanted her son Jagmal to succeed him but senior courtiers preferred Pratap, as the eldest son, to be their king. The desire of the nobles prevailed.
Udai Singh died in 1572, and Prince Pratap ascended the throne as Maharana Pratap, the 54th ruler of Mewar in the line of the Sisodia Rajputs. Jagmal swore revenge and left for Ajmer, to join the armies of Akbar, and obtained a jagir - the town of Jahazpur - in return for his help.
Battle of Haldighati
The bloody Siege of Chittorgarh in 1567-1568 had led to the loss of the fertile eastern belt of Mewar to the Mughals. However, the rest of the wooded and hilly kingdom in the Aravalli range was still under the control of Pratap Singh. The Mughal emperor Akbar was intent on securing a stable route to Gujarat through Mewar; when Pratap Singh was crowned king (Maharana) in 1572, Akbar sent a number of envoys entreating him to become a vassal like many other Rajput leaders in the region. When the Maharana refused to personally submit to Akbar, war became inevitable.
The Battle of Haldighati was fought on 18 June 1576 between Pratap Singh and Akbar's forces led by Man Singh I of Amer. The Mughals were victorious and inflicted significant casualties among the Mewaris but failed to capture the Maharana. The site of the battle was a narrow mountain pass at Haldighati near Gogunda, modern day Rajsamand in Rajasthan. Pratap Singh fielded a force of around 3000 cavalry and 400 Bhil archers. The Mughals were led by Man Singh of Amber, who commanded an army numbering around 5000–10,000 men. After a fierce battle lasting more than six hours, the Maharana found himself wounded and the day lost. He managed to escape to the hills and lived to fight another day.
Haldighati was a futile victory for the Mughals, as they were unable to capture Pratap Singh, or any of his close family members in Udaipur. As soon as the empire's focus shifted north-west, Pratap and his army came out of hiding and recaptured the western regions of his dominion.
Mughal pressure on Mewar relaxed after 1579 following rebellions in Bengal and Bihar and Mirza Hakim's incursion into the Punjab. In 1582, Pratap Singh attacked and occupied the Mughal post at Dewair (or Dawer) in the Battle of Dewair. This led to the automatic liquidation of all 36 Mughal military outposts in Mewar. After this defeat, Akbar stopped his military campaigns against Mewar. The victory of Dewair was a crowning glory for the Maharana, with James Tod describing it as the "Marathon of Mewar". In 1585, Akbar moved to Lahore and remained there for the next twelve years watching the situation in the north-west. No major Mughal expedition was sent to Mewar during this period. Taking advantage of the situation, Pratap recovered Western Mewar including Kumbhalgarh, Udaipur and Gogunda. During this period, he also built a new capital, Chavand, near modern Dungarpur.
Death
Reportedly, Pratap died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident, at Chavand on 19 January 1597, aged 56. He was succeeded by his eldest son, Amar Singh I. On his death bed, Pratap told his son never to submit to the Mughals and to win Chittor back.
There are a lot of places and destinations named after his name and he has been noted many a times in films and television serials as a portrait of bravery and velegiance. He was known to develop the Guerrilla warfare techniques and was known to be the only Rajput ruler who refused to bow in front of Akbar and Mughal armies. He lived in forest with his army refusing the royalty and beside Rajput warrior his army consisted of warrior of every caste and religions including Bhil people and Muslim including his AfghanPathan army chief Hakim Khan Sur.
Mohenjo-daro Mohenjo-daro ( / m oʊ ˌ h ɛ n dʒ oʊ ˈ d ɑː r oʊ / ; Sindhi : موئن جو دڙو , meaning 'Mound of the Dead Men'; Urdu : موئن جو دڑو [muˑənⁱ dʑoˑ d̪əɽoˑ] ) is an archaeological site in the province of Sindh , Pakistan . Built around 2500 BCE, it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation , and one of the world's earliest major cities , contemporaneous with the civilizations of ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Minoan Crete , and Norte Chico . Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BCE as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration. Mohenjo-daro Shown within Sindh Mohe...
Chanhudaro Chanhu-daro is an archaeological site belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization . The site is located 130 kilometers (81 mi) south of Mohenjo-daro , in Sindh , Pakistan . The settlement was inhabited between 4000 and 1700 BCE, and is considered to have been a centre for manufacturing carnelian beads . This site is a group of three low mounds that excavations has shown were parts of a single settlement, approximately 5 hectares in size. Chanhudaro Shown within Sindh Chanhudaro (Pakistan) Alternative name Chanhu daro Location Mullan Sandh, Sindh , Pakistan Coordinates 26°10′25″N 68°19′23″E Type Settlement Area 5 ha (12 acres) History Founded 40th century BC Abandoned 17th century BC Periods Regionalisation Era to Harappan 4 Cultures Indus Valley Civilization Site notes Excavation dates 1930, 1935–1936 Archaeologists Nani Gopal Majum...
Kuntasi Archeological site in Gujarat, India Kuntasi is an archaeological site (locally known as Bibi-no-Timbo ) which is identified as a port belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization . This site is located on the right bank of Phulki River, about 3 km south-east of Kuntasi village and 30 km from Morbi in Maliya taluka of Morbi District in Gujarat state of India . It is five km inlandward from present shore line. It was first reported by P. P Pandya and later thoroughly explored by Y. M. Chitalwala. The excavations revealed two periods of occupation. Period I is assigned to the Mature Harappan phase (c. 2200–1900 BCE) and the Period II is assigned to the Late Harappan phase (c.1900–1700 BCE). This site was identified as a jetty and a manufacturing centre. Kuntasi Archeological site Kuntasi Coordinates: 22°54′32″N 70°35′30″E State Gujarat Time zone UTC+5.30 ...
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