Atharvaveda

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  Atharvaveda The  Atharva  Veda  ( Sanskrit : अथर्ववेदः,  Atharvavedaḥ  from  atharvāṇas  and  veda , meaning "knowledge") is the "knowledge storehouse of  atharvāṇas , the procedures for everyday life".  The text is the fourth  Veda , but has been a late addition to the Vedic scriptures of  Hinduism . Atharvaveda Four Vedas Information Religion Hinduism Language Vedic Sanskrit Period c.  1000–900 BCE Chapters 20  kāṇḍas Verses 5,977 mantras The Atharvaveda is composed in Vedic Sanskrit, and it is a collection of 730  hymns  with about 6,000 mantras, divided into 20 books.  About a sixth of the Atharvaveda texts adapts verses from the  Rigveda , and except for Books 15 and 16, the text is in poem form deploying a diversity of Vedic matters.  Two different recensions of the text – the  Paippalāda  and the  Śaunakīya  – have survived into modern times.  Reliable ma...
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Indo-Aryan peoples

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Indo-Aryan peoples

Indo-European speaking ethnolinguistic groups in South Asia

The Indo-Aryan peoples (or Indic peoples) are a diverse collection of ethnolinguistic groups speaking Indo-Aryan languages, a subgroup of the Indo-European language family. Indo-Aryan peoples are native to the northern Indian subcontinent, and presently found all across South Asia, where they form the majority.


Indo-Aryan peoples
1978 map showing geographical distribution of the major Indo-Aryan languages. (Urdu is included under Hindi. Romani, Domari, and Lomavren are outside the scope of the map.) Dotted/striped areas indicate where multilingualism is common.
  Central
  Dardic
  Eastern
  Northern
  Northwestern
  Southern
  Western
Total population
~1.3 billion
Regions with significant populations
 Indiaover 911 million
 Pakistanover 233 million
 Bangladeshover 160 million
   Nepalover 26 million
 Sri Lankaover 14 million
 Myanmarover 1 million
 Maldivesover 300,000
 Bhutanover 240,000
Languages
Indo-Aryan languages
Religion
Indian religions (Mostly Hindu; with Buddhist, Sikh and Jain minorities) and Islam, Christians and some non-religious atheist/agnostic


History

Main articles: Indo-European migrations and Indo-Aryan migration theory
Further information: Indigenous Aryans and Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia

The Indo-Aryan migration theory, proposed among others by anthropologist David W. Anthony (in The Horse, The Wheel and Language) and by archaeologists Elena Efimovna Kuzmina and J. P. Mallory, shows that the introduction of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a migration of people from the Sintashta culture through the Bactria-Margiana Culture and into the northern Indian subcontinent (modern-day India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia and western China. The Proto-Indo-Iranians, from which the Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BCE), and the Andronovo culture, which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the Aral sea, present-day Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The proto-Indo-Iranians were influenced by the Bactria-Margiana Culture, south of the Andronovo culture, from which they borrowed their distinctive religious beliefs and practices. The Indo-Aryans split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians, whereafter the Indo-Aryans migrated into the Levant and north-western India and western China. This migration was part of the diffusion of Indo-European languages from the Proto-Indo-European homeland at the Pontic steppe which started in the 4th millennia BCE.

The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as aryā, "noble." Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturalisation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted.

The alternate Indigenous Aryans theory places the Indo-Aryans languages as being entirely indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and later they spread outside the subcontinent; this theory has no support in mainstream scholarship.

List of Indo-Aryan peoples

Historical

Archaeological cultures associated with Indo-Iranian migrations (after EIEC). The Andronovo, BMAC and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryan migrations.

Contemporary

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